Translation Certificate PDF

I. Origin and Purpose

The increasingly global and multicultural world in which we live has rendered translation more and more important both as an actual, material practice and as a cultural phenomenon to be critically analyzed. The relative increase in human contact across linguistic-cultural boundaries (be they regional, national, continental, etc.) that has occurred in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries has generated, in turn, an increased need for communication across boundaries. This augmented need for cross-linguistic translation does not necessarily imply that the world is a more benign and communicative place. Indeed, periods marked by spiked political and cultural antagonism and tension between geo-linguistic entities, such as that following September 11th, generate a call for more translation from Arabic and other languages into English, and the reverse. As air travel and the internet have widened the actual and virtual traveler’s ambit far beyond the “European tour” of the nineteenth-century aristocrat, who might have the time and means to learn the major (western) European languages, translation has become increasingly necessary.

National and Global Demand
Despite the equivalence suggested by bilingual dictionaries, it is common knowledge that people do not say precisely the same things in different languages. Facial and corporeal gestures differ. Often colors are not designated similarly in unrelated languages. The social functions of the various meals of the day may be wildly dissimilar in various parts of the world. And when one combines infinitely multiplied commonplace terms such as these with the difficulties presented in interpreting such abstract notions as political sovereignty and individual identity from one language to another, one begins to glimpse both the difficulty and the vital interest of translating across languages.

Comparative Literature and Translation Studies
Since the 1980s, translation as practice and as theory has become central to Comparative Literature. Traditionally, this was not the case: the discipline, founded largely in the United States by post-war European émigrés, devoted itself almost exclusively to the European languages and demanded that all texts be read in the original language. But as the canon has expanded to include many non-European literatures, including various creole and hybrid literatures and oratures, scholars have acknowledged the necessity of using translations in research as well as in teaching. Whereas it used to be the case that most major African literary works could be read in either French or English, such is not the case of writers such as Ngugi wa’Thiongo, whose African languages also require translation. Along with the practical turn to translation in Comparative Literature has come, not surprisingly, the critical and theoretical assessment of translation in the context of globalization, multiculturalism, cultural hybridity, post-colonial theory, and an emphasis on interdisciplinarity. With its interest in crossing the borders between languages, cultures, and national literatures, Comparative Literature is implicitly committed to performing and also to assessing theoretically the function and value of “translation” in the widest sense of the term.

Advantages of Certificate to Graduate Students Entering the Job Market
The Certificate in Translation Studies adds an attractive dimension to Comparative Literature Ph.D. degrees and to all foreign language and English Ph.D. degrees. Translation is a fascinating and challenging field of study for both graduate and undergraduate students, as our well-subscribed offerings have shown. Growing in theoretical, methodological, and cultural sophistication, translation studies is emerging as a significant and useful aspect of Comparative Literature and of the humanities in general. Thus it follows that the Certificate represents an important supplement to the training of our students as they enter the job market.

II. Program Requirements

A. Units:
15 units overall, 6 of which may count towards both the Certificate and the Ph.D. degree, and 9 of which may only be allocated to the Certificate. Students earning the Certificate in Translation with the Ph.D. thus complete 81 units total, rather than the standard 72 units for the Ph.D. alone.

B. Course Requirements:

1. Two core courses, which may be taken in order of preference, and which also integrate translation practice:

a. Comp. Lit. 551. Methods of Literary Study: The Theory and Practice of Literary Translation I. A review of translation theories, with a study of translation practices of various literary forms (prose, poetry, drama) and media. Prerequisite native or near-native competence in English and another language. Also open to qualified students not in the Certificate Program.

b. Comp. Lit. 552 (new fall, 07). Methods of Literary Study: The Theory and Practice of Literary Translation II. A review of translation theories and the study of translation practices of various literary forms (prose, poetry, drama) and media. Prerequisite native or near-native competence in English and another language. Also open to qualified students not in the Certificate Program. A more general approach to translation and cultural exchange in a globalizing world than Part I, with specific examples to be drawn more from (East) Asian than from European literatures. Topics will include the ideological underpinnings of translation, the political uses of language in intercultural communication, and the multiple uses of translations of all kinds of literature in a multicultural world. We will consider not only written texts, but also film subtitles. Students will choose a text that has already been translated for critique in addition to producing their own translation; students will be expected to report orally on the process and the product of this project several times during the semester.

2. Three 1-unit translation modules (CL. 5521: Translation Module 1; CL 5522: Translation Module 2; and CL 5523: Translation Module 3 [proposed courses]), open only to students enrolled in the Translation Certificate Program, are to be conducted in conjunction with a 400-level or 500-level literature or theory class that the student takes in a national literature program. Students may elect to take no more than one translation module per semester. These courses are designed for translation of Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Latin, Persian, Russian, and Spanish. For each module students will need to complete the "Module Enrollment Request" form available in the CL office, Ridgley 116.

CL 5521: Translation Module 1, CL 5522: Translation Module 2, and CL 5523: Translation Module 3 are sequential versions of the same course, as outlined below.

a. Requirements: The student will translate a published text of 20-30 pages (or, exceptionally, an unpublished text) from either literature, literary criticism, or literary theory related to the course material, pre-approved by the faculty member teaching the 400-level or 500-level national literature or theory class, due at the end of the semester in which the class is taught.

b. Organization:

• At the start of the semester, the student will explain to the professor in charge of the national literature course that s/he is completing the Translation Certificate and wants to complete a 1-unit Translation Module (CL 5521, CL 5522, or CL 5523) in conjunction with the national literature course.
• CL 5521 Translation Module 1: The first of a series of three 1-unit courses devoted to the practice of translation. The student will translate a published text of 20-30 pages (or, exceptionally, an unpublished text) from either literature, literary criticism, or literary theory related to the course material, pre-approved by the faculty member teaching the class, due at the end of the semester in which the class is taught.
• CL 5522 Translation Module 2: The second of a series of three 1-unit courses devoted to the practice of translation. The student will translate a published text of 20-30 pages (or, exceptionally, an unpublished text) from either literature, literary criticism, or literary theory related to the course material, pre-approved by the faculty member teaching the class, due at the end of the semester in which the class is taught.
• CL 5523 Translation Module 3: The third of a series of three 1-unit courses devoted to the practice of translation. The student will translate a published text of 20-30 pages (or, exceptionally, an unpublished text) from either literature, literary criticism, or literary theory related to the course material, pre-approved by the faculty member teaching the class, due at the end of the semester in which the class is taught.
• The student will consult this professor about an appropriate text for translation that has bearing on the national literature course.
• The professor must approve the student's choice of text.
• The student will request that the professor agree to read and grade the translation at the end of the semester (see section e below).
  
  c. Registration: After completing all the steps in section b, the student will meet with the DGS in Comparative Literature, who serves as Program Director of the Translation Certificate, and who will verify that all is in order and will authorize the student to enroll in CL 5521, CL 5522, or CL 5523.
  
  d. Translation Guidelines:
  
  i. The translation for foreign language-based literature or theory classes will be organized as follows (for English Dept. classes, see section ii):
  • A native speaker of English will translate a text from the national (foreign) literature being studied into English.
  • A student whose native language is the national language being studied will translate an English text into that national language.
  • A student whose native language is neither English nor the language being studied will elect to translate either an English text into the national language being studied or a text written in that national language into English.
  [An American student with native English abilities taking a German seminar would translate a German text into English. A student in the same German class whose native language is German would translate an English text into German. A Czech student taking the same German seminar could elect to translate either a German text into English or an English text into German.]
  
  ii. A student who enrolls in English literature or theory courses in conjunction with his/her Ph.D. training may also arrange to take translation modules as part of these classes. The translation in these instances will be organized as follows:
  • The student for whom English is the native language will translate a text from his/her principal second language into English.
  • The student whose native language is not English will translate a text into the principal language whose literature s/he is studying if it is his/her native language.
  • Students whose native language is neither English nor the language being studied have the option of translating either from an English text into the principal language s/he studies or from that principal language into English.
  [An American student in the Ph.D. program in French who takes an English literature seminar would translate a French text into English. The Canadian student enrolled in the French Ph.D. program whose native language is French and who takes the same English course would translate an English text into French. And the Romanian student in the Ph.D. program in French who takes the same English class would elect to translate either an English text into French or a French text into English.]
  
  e. Evaluation: The evaluation of the translation will be done by the professor of the literature or theory class whenever possible. When such arrangements are not possible, the evaluation of the student's work will be performed by the appropriate professor from a list of faculty approved by the Translation Certificate Committee and available from the DGS of Comparative Literature. The Comparative Literature DGS (Program Director of the Translation Certificate) may also designate another member of the graduate faculty in the corresponding national literature program to certify the exam.

3. Two electives (6 units) selected from the following list:

a. Course(s) from the following list (all 3 units):

Comp. Lit. 402, Introduction to Comparative Literature
Comp. Lit. 4300 (proposed for future; currently unavailable), Seminar in Translation. Topics course organized of issues germane to translation; taught by WU faculty but featuring lectures conducted by invited speakers.
Anthro 412, Sociolinguistics
Anthro 4121, Language and Power
Anthro 4122 (WS 4122), Language and Gender
Anthro 4124, Language and Politics
German 456, History of the German Language
German 457, Structure of the German Language: Intro to Linguistics
Japanese 520, Practicum in Literary Translation
Ling 4171, Phonology and Second Language Acquisition
Ling 453, History of the French Language
Ling 4651, German Language Seminar
Ling 466, Second Language Acquisition
Ling 467, Grammar and Vocabulary Acquisition
Ling 469, Second Language Reading and Writing
Theory, Research and Practice
Ling 470, Language and Learning Instruction
Ling 472, History of the English Language
Ling 478, Topics in Linguistics
Ling 5013, SLA (Second Language Acquisition): Integrating Technology into Language Instruction
PNP 466, Second Language Acquisition
PNP 467, Grammar and Vocabulary Acquisition
PNP 472, History of the English Language
PNP 4060, Semantics
Psych 4081, Topics in Psycholinguistics
Psych 433, Psych of Lang (PNP 408/Ling 408)
Span 416, Introduction to Hispanic Linguistics
Fr/Span 469, Reading and Writing in a Second Language
Fr/Span 501, ANELL 501, Language Teaching Methodology (Pedagogy)

b. A major translation project (50+ published pages) conducted under faculty supervision (3 units of Independent Study CL 500). Normally, this option would be available only as the last element in work for the Translation Certificate. The student would need to develop a proposal of study, approved by a faculty director, for submission to the Translation Certificate Committee (Director, Translation Certificate Committee; Chair, CL; and one member of the student's home department) by Aug. 1 for the fall term and by Dec. 1 for the spring term. Students are advised that faculty members often do not have the time to commit to directing Independent Studies, and CL does not pressure faculty to commit to undertake such assignments. Junior faculty are not eligible to be directors of Independent Studies.

The student's proposal must include a detailed description of the project, and also a plan of readings for the course, including lists of primary and secondary works, that is commensurate with a standard 14-week semester in both breadth and depth.
The independent study must include a sizable literature component (that is, it should concern either literature exclusively, or literature and art, literature and drama, literature and film, literature and music, etc.)

The student is expected to meet with the faculty director of the independent study for discussion of the material at least twice per month during the semester.

III. Selection of Candidates and Admission Criteria

1. Offered to Ph.D. candidates only. While intended primarily for Ph.D. candidates in Comparative Literature (including joint programs), Romance Languages, ANELL, German, and English, the Committee on Comparative Literature welcomes applications from qualified candidates in other doctoral programs at the University.

2. Students are encouraged to begin taking courses that count toward the program early in their studies here, prior to their acceptance in the program.

3. Candidates will have demonstrated superior skills in coursework to date.

4. Candidates will have native or near-native capacity in at least two languages. No one requiring remedial work in language will be admitted to the Certificate program.

5. Students interested in the program must complete a separate application form. This form, available from GSAS, requires the approval of the student's home-based department.

6. Candidates apply for admission to the Translation Certificate Program prior to their second or third semester of the Ph.D. Students should submit their applications to the DGS of Comparative Literature (Program Director of the Translation Certificate and Chair of the Translation Certificate Committee [TCC]) before the start of the spring term each year. Applications will be considered on a rolling admissions basis after that date.

7. Once admitted to the Certificate program, the student will assume responsibility for conferring with the DGS of Comparative Literature (Program Director of the Translation Certificate) at least once annually to ensure that his/her progress toward the Certificate is satisfactory.

IV. Administrative Matters

1. Students may need an additional semester (9 units) to complete the Certificate.

2. If necessary, students admitted to the Certificate program are eligible to request both additional tuition remission (9 units) from the Graduate School and stipend support (TAship) from the home department.

Updated August 28, 2008